Close-mid front unrounded vowel

Vowel sound represented by ⟨e⟩ in IPA

Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
IPA Number	302
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	`e`
Unicode (hex)	U+0065
X-SAMPA	`e`
Braille

IPA: Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

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Legend: unrounded • rounded

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,^[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features

Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard^[2]	bed	[bet]	'bed'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].^[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic	Standard	مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا/majreha	[mad͡ʒ.reː.haː]		See imalah
Azerbaijani		gecə	[ɟeˈd͡ʒæ]	'night'
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect^[3]	^{[example needed]}
Breton		eget^[4]	[eˈɡet]	'than'
Catalan^[5]		séc	[ˈsek]	'fold'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Shanghainese^[6]	该/kè	[ke̠ʔ˩]	'should'	Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.^[6]
Chuvash		эрешмен/ereşmen	[erɛʃ'mɛnʲ]	'spider'
Danish	Standard^[7]^[8]	hæl	[ˈheːˀl]	'heel'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Belgian^[9]	vreemd	[vreːmt]	'strange'	In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology
English	Australian^[10]	bed	[bed]	'bed'	See Australian English phonology
	New Zealand^[11]	bed	[bed]	'bed'	The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety.^[11] See New Zealand English phonology
	General American^[12]	may	[meː]	'may'	Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].^[12]
	General Indian^[13]
	General Pakistani^[14]				Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker.
	Geordie^[15]
	Scottish^[16]
	Singaporean^[17]
	Ulster^[18]				Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast.
	Some Cardiff speakers^[19]	square	[skweː]	'square'	More often open-mid [ɛː].^[19]
	Scouse^[20]	square	[skweː]	'square'	May (less commonly) be less open [ɪː] or more open [ɛː] instead^[21]
	Scottish^[16]	bit	[bë̞ʔ]	'bit'	Near-front,^[16] may be [ɪ] (also [ə]) instead for other speakers.
	Cockney^[22]	bird	[bɛ̝̈ːd]	'bird'	Near-front; occasional realization of /ɜː/. It can be rounded [œ̝ː] or, more often, unrounded central [ɜ̝ː] instead.^[22] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩.
Estonian^[23]		keha	[ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ]	'body'	See Estonian phonology
French^[24]^[25]		beauté	[bot̪e]	'beauty'	See French phonology
German	Standard^[26]^[27]	Seele	[ˈzeːlə]^ⓘ	'soul'	See Standard German phonology
	Many speakers^[28]	Jäger	[ˈjeːɡɐ]	'hunter'	Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.^[28] See Standard German phonology
	Southern accents^[29]	Bett	[b̥et]	'bed'	Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.^[29] See Standard German phonology
	Swabian accent^[29]	Bett	[b̥et]	'bed'	Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].^[29] See Standard German phonology
Greek	Sfakian^[30]	^{[example needed]}			Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek.^[31] See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew^[32]		כן/ken	[ke̞n]	'yes'	Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	के/ke	[keː]	'of'	See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	کے/ke	[keː]	'of'	See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian^[33]		hét	[heːt̪]	'seven'	Also described as mid [e̞ː].^[34] See Hungarian phonology
Italian	Standard^[35]	stelle	[ˈs̪t̪elle]	'stars'	See Italian phonology
Khmer		ទុរេន / turen	[tureːn]	'durian'	See Khmer phonology
Korean		메아리 / meari	[meɐɾi]	'echo'	See Korean phonology
Limburgish	Most dialects^[36]^[37]^[38]	leef	[leːf]	'dear'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanian		tėtė	[t̪eːt̪eː]	'father'	'Tete' and 'tėtis' are more commonly used than 'tėtė.'
Malay		kecil	[kə.t͡ʃel]	'small'	Allophone of /i/ in closed-final syllables. May be [ɪ] or [e̞] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology
Malayalam		ചെവി/čevi	[ȶ͡ɕeʋi]	'ear'	See Malayalam phonology
Marathi		एक/ek	[e:k]	'one'	See Marathi phonology
Norwegian		le	[leː]	'laugh'	The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.^[39]^[40] See Norwegian phonology
Persian		سه/se	[se]	'three'
Polish^[41]		dzień	[d͡ʑeɲ̟]^ⓘ	'day'	Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese^[42]		mesa	[ˈmezɐ]	'table'	See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		umple	[ˈumple]	'to fill'	See Romanian phonology
Russian^[43]		шея/šeja	[ˈʂejə]^ⓘ	'neck'	Close-mid [e] before and between soft consonants, mid [e̞] after soft consonants.^[43] See Russian phonology
Saterland Frisian^[44]		tään	[te̠ːn]	'thin'	Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].^[44]
Slovene^[45]		sedem	[ˈsèːdəm]	'seven'	See Slovene phonology
Sotho^[46]		ho jwetsa	[hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈]	'to tell'	Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.^[46] See Sotho phonology
Swedish	Central Standard^[47]^[48]	se	[s̪eː]	'see'	Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word: [s̪eə̯]^ⓘ). See Swedish phonology
Tahitian		vahine	[vahine]	'woman'
Tamil		செவி/čevi	[ȶ͡ɕeʋi]	'ear'	See Tamil phonology
Ukrainian		ефі́рний efirný	[eˈfirnɪj]	'ethereal'	See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh		chwech	[χweːχ]	'six'	See Welsh phonology
Yoruba^[49]		^{[example needed]}

Notes

^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^ ^a ^b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
^ ^a ^b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
^ ^a ^b Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
^ ^a ^b Wells (1982), p. 487.
^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
^ ^a ^b ^c Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
^ ^a ^b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 358, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
^ ^a ^b Wells (1982), p. 305.
^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
^ ^a ^b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
^ Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13–14.
^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^ ^a ^b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
^ ^a ^b Peters (2019), p. ?.
^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
^ ^a ^b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
Doke, Clement Martyn; Mofokeng, S. Machabe (1974), Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar (3rd ed.), Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, ISBN 0-582-61700-6
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Peters, Jörg (2019), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, S2CID 249404451
Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 978-0-521-23127-5
Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
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Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

External links

List of languages with [e] on PHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

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Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

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Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labial–palatal

Labial–velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

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Other	Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Nasal palatal approximant [j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]